CedCommerce in Magento 2.0

Magento 2.0 request Flow

Magento 2.0 request Flow : This blog illustrates provides a full description of the Magento 2.0 code flow from index.php to .phtml file which are responsible for rendering the html. In previous articles, we have gone through simple Hello World module creation for Magento 2.0. If curious about how the output is generated or wondering what’s the code flow, then keep reading the blog till the end. 🙂

Here, will cover the main aspects of Magento’s request flow.

Figure 1 – Request flow block diagram

A quick view on how a typical web server works:

User Agent (Web browser ):

Sends HTTP Request
Receives HTTP Response and generates HTML Output

Server:

Receives HTTP Request from User Agent, prepares information related to request
Returns information as Http Response to User Agent

How Magento fetches output (broad view) :

Figure 2 – Request flow inner diagram

Magento Request Url format :

baseurl/module front name/controller/action/parameter/value

Figure 3 – URL breakthrough

index.php is the initial file where HTTP request to server hits, index.php further initiates Magento environment

try {
    require __DIR__ . '/app/bootstrap.php';
} catch (\Exception $e) {
    echo <<<HTML
<div style="font:12px/1.35em arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
    <div style="margin:0 0 25px 0; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;">
        <h3 style="margin:0;font-size:1.7em;font-weight:normal;text-transform:none;text-align:left;color:#2f2f2f;">
        Autoload error</h3>
    </div>
    <p>{$e->getMessage()}</p>
</div>
HTML;
    exit(1);
}

$bootstrap = \Magento\Framework\App\Bootstrap::create(BP, $_SERVER);
/** @var \Magento\Framework\App\Http $app */$app = $bootstrap->createApplication('Magento\Framework\App\Http');
$bootstrap->run($app);

let’s see how it goes inside index.php line by line

1. Include Bootstrap

Line number 22 inside index.php includes bootstrap.php
Bootstrap provides complete environment for execution of Magento application .

Set error reporting config to E_ALL

/**
 * Environment initialization
 */error_reporting(E_ALL);
#ini_set('display_errors', 1);

Check PHP Version

/* PHP version validation */if (version_compare(phpversion(), '5.5.0', '<') === true) {
    if (PHP_SAPI == 'cli') {
        echo 'Magento supports PHP 5.5.0 or later. ' .
            'Please read https://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v1.0/install-gde/system-requirements.html';
    } else {
        echo <<<HTML
<div style="font:12px/1.35em arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
    <p>Magento supports PHP 5.5.0 or later. Please read
    <a target="_blank" href="https://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v1.0/install-gde/system-requirements.html">
    Magento System Requirements</a>.
</div>
HTML;
    }
    exit(1);
}

As clearly visible, function version_compare checks for php version. If version found is less than 5.5.0 then it is going to throw error message and stop further execution.

Define base path of root directory

/**
 * Shortcut constant for the root directory
 */define('BP', dirname(__DIR__));

Initialize autoloader

$vendorDir = require BP . '/app/etc/vendor_path.php';
$vendorAutoload = BP . "/{$vendorDir}/autoload.php";

/* 'composer install' validation */if (file_exists($vendorAutoload)) {
    $composerAutoloader = include $vendorAutoload;
} else {
    throw new \Exception(
        'Vendor autoload is not found. Please run \'composer install\' under application root directory.'
    );
}

AutoloaderRegistry::registerAutoloader(new ClassLoaderWrapper($composerAutoloader));

// Sets default autoload mappings, may be overridden in Bootstrap::create
\Magento\Framework\App\Bootstrap::populateAutoloader(BP, []);

line 16 : includes vendor file located at app/etc/vendor_path.php which in turn returns ‘vendor’.
line 17 : includes autoload file (vendor/autoload.php) created by composer
Line 21 : includes autoload file which in turn returns object of classLoader file located at “vendor/composer/ClassLoader.php”
Line 28 : registers autoloader

Line 31 : populates Autoloader and maps a namespace prefix to directories for searching the corresponding class. Populate autoloader creates two arrays one for each parser i.e prefixLengths and prefixDirs
Lets see how autoloader is loading files:
Lets take an example for Psr4:
Populate autoloader will create two arrays for “Psr4” i.e prefixLengthsPsr4 and prefixDirsPsr4 as shown below .

prefixLengthsPsr4=Array(
                            [S] = Array(
                                            [Symfony\CS\] = 11,
                                            [StaticReview\] = 13,
                                            [Seld\JsonLint\] = 14
                                        )
                            [M] = Array(
                                            [Monolog\] = 8,
                                            [Magento\Setup\] = 14,
                                            [Magento\Framework\] = 18,
                                            [Magento\] = 8
                                        )
                            [L] = Array(
                                             [League\CLImate\] = 15
                                        )
                       )

prefixDirsPsr4=Array(
                        [Symfony\CS\] = Array
                                            (
                                                [0] = C:\xampp\htdocs\dev\m2\vendor/fabpot/php-cs-fixer/Symfony/CS
                                            )
                        [StaticReview\] = Array
                                            (
                                                 [0] = C:\xampp\htdocs\dev\m2\vendor/sjparkinson/static-review/src
                                            )
                        [Seld\JsonLint\] = Array
                                            (
                                                [0] = C:\xampp\htdocs\dev\m2\vendor/seld/jsonlint/src/Seld/JsonLint
                                            )
                        [Monolog\] = Array
                                            (
                                                 [0] = C:\xampp\htdocs\dev\m2\vendor/monolog/monolog/src/Monolog
                                            )
                        [Magento\Setup\] = Array
                                            (
                                                 [0] = C:\xampp\htdocs\dev\m2/setup/src/Magento/Setup
                                            )
                        [Magento\Framework\] = Array
                                            (
                                                [0] = C:\xampp\htdocs\dev\m2/lib/internal/Magento/Framework
                                            )
                        [League\CLImate\] = Array
                                            (
                                                [0] = C:\xampp\htdocs\dev\m2\vendor/league/climate/src
                                            )
                        [Magento\] = Array
                                            (
                                                [0] = C:/xampp/htdocs/dev/m2/app/code/Magento/,
                                                [1] = C:/xampp/htdocs/dev/m2/var/generation/Magento/
                                            )
                    )

So how the Populate autoloader is finally set in action?
for example, if Magento requires instance of “Magento\Framework\Autoload\AutoloaderRegistry“, initially it is going to take first letter of the class Magento\Framework\Autoload\AutoloaderRegistry. The first letter is ‘M’ so it will check if prefixLengthsPsr4[‘M’] is set, in case it is not found, it will throw exception and terminate execution. Here as it’s already set then it is going to search through each entry.
Array(
[Monolog\] = 8,
[Magento\Setup\] = 14,
[Magento\Framework\] = 18,
[Magento\] = 8
)

NOTE : Don’t mind the directory separator if working in WAMP environment.

1. initially, it will search for required directory in array prefixDirsPsr4[Monolog\]]
prefixDirsPsr4 [Monolog\] = Array(
[0] = C:\xampp\htdocs\dev\m2\vendor/monolog/monolog/src/Monolog
)
it will search for file ‘AutoloaderRegistry.php‘ in directory
“C:\xampp\htdocs\dev\m2\vendor/monolog/monolog/src/Monolog”, if not found it will continue searching in the next key.
2. similarly in prefixDirsPsr4[Magento\Setup\], if is not found searches in next key.
3. searches in prefixDirsPsr4[Magento\Framework\]
prefixDirsPsr4 [Magento\Framework\] = Array(
[0] = C:\xampp\htdocs\dev\m2/lib/internal/Magento/Framework
)
if file is found in the above directory, same is returned i.e.
“C:\xampp\htdocs\dev\m2/lib/internal/Magento/Framework\Autoload\AutoloaderRegistry.php“

Enables profiler if environment variable “MAGE_PROFILER” is set

if (!empty($_SERVER['MAGE_PROFILER'])) {
    \Magento\Framework\Profiler::applyConfig($_SERVER['MAGE_PROFILER'], BP, !empty($_REQUEST['isAjax']));
}

Sets default time zone to UTC

if (ini_get('date.timezone') == '') {
    date_default_timezone_set('UTC');
}

2. Create HTTP App

/** @var \Magento\Framework\App\Http $app */$app = $bootstrap->createApplication('Magento\Framework\App\Http');

Function createApplication()

    /**
     * Factory method for creating application instances
     *
     * @param string $type
     * @param array $arguments
     * @return \Magento\Framework\AppInterface
     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
     */    public function createApplication($type, $arguments = [])
    {
        try {
            $this->initObjectManager();
            $application = $this->objectManager->create($type, $arguments);
            if (!($application instanceof AppInterface)) {
                throw new \InvalidArgumentException("The provided class doesn't implement AppInterface: {$type}");
            }
            return $application;
        } catch (\Exception $e) {
            $this->terminate($e);
        }
    }

Line 219: Initialize Object Manager

As clear from its name that this function is initializing object manager and setting its instance to bootstrap variable “objectManager” for future use.

Further it retrieves Main configuration from baseDirectory/app/etc/config.php by calling function below

    /**
     * Loads the configuration file
     *
     * @param string $configFile
     * @return array
     */    public function load($configFile = null)
    {
        if ($configFile) {
            $file = $this->dirList->getPath(DirectoryList::CONFIG) . '/' . $configFile;
        } else {
            $file = $this->dirList->getPath(DirectoryList::CONFIG) . '/' . $this->file;
        }

        $result = @include $file;
        return $result ?: [];
    }

Here $configFile is set to null, hence from the else condition i.e $this->file=”config.php” it will include /app/etc/config.php in line no- 79.

Line 220 : Create App
Create function of object (Magento\Framework\ObjectManager\ObjectManager) will intialize HTTP App object which in turn will return instance of ‘Magento\Framework\App\Http’ .

3. Run App
Now run($app) function of bootstrap instance will be called.

/** @var \Magento\Framework\App\Http $app */$app = $bootstrap->createApplication('Magento\Framework\App\Http');
$bootstrap->run($app);

Run Function

    /**
     * Runs an application
     *
     * @param \Magento\Framework\AppInterface $application
     * @return void
     */    public function run(AppInterface $application)
    {
        try {
            try {
                \Magento\Framework\Profiler::start('magento');
                $this->initErrorHandler();
                $this->initObjectManager();
                $this->assertMaintenance();
                $this->assertInstalled();
                $response = $application->launch();
                $response->sendResponse();
                \Magento\Framework\Profiler::stop('magento');
            } catch (\Exception $e) {
                \Magento\Framework\Profiler::stop('magento');
                if (!$application->catchException($this, $e)) {
                    throw $e;
                }
            }
        } catch (\Exception $e) {
            $this->terminate($e);
        }
    }

Line 241 : initErrorHandler() initializes error Handler.
Line 242 : initObjectManager() initializes object manager if it’s not initialized.
Line 243 : assertMaintenance() inspects maintenance flag status. If set ‘yes’, maintenance page will display at forntend.
Line 244 : assertInstalled() check if installation is completed, if not then will throw exception and exception handler will redirect it to setup directory.

Line 245 : launch()

    /**
     * Run application
     *
     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
     * @return ResponseInterface
     */    public function launch()
    {
        $areaCode = $this->_areaList->getCodeByFrontName($this->_request->getFrontName());
        $this->_state->setAreaCode($areaCode);
        $this->_objectManager->configure($this->_configLoader->load($areaCode));
        /** @var \Magento\Framework\App\FrontControllerInterface $frontController */        $frontController = $this->_objectManager->get('Magento\Framework\App\FrontControllerInterface');
        $result = $frontController->dispatch($this->_request);
        // TODO: Temporary solution till all controllers are returned not ResultInterface (MAGETWO-28359)
        if ($result instanceof ResultInterface) {
            $this->registry->register('use_page_cache_plugin', true, true);
            $result->renderResult($this->_response);
        } elseif ($result instanceof HttpInterface) {
            $this->_response = $result;
        } else {
            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Invalid return type');
        }
        // This event gives possibility to launch something before sending output (allow cookie setting)
        $eventParams = ['request' => $this->_request, 'response' => $this->_response];
        $this->_eventManager->dispatch('controller_front_send_response_before', $eventParams);
        return $this->_response;
    }

Line 110 : retrieves area code (frontend/adminhtml)
Line 111 : set up area code
Line 112 : Load Config and Configure
configuration is loaded according to area and by calling configure function, this merges all loaded configuration.

Line 114 : Get Front Controller

here, get function will retrieve main front controller instance according to interface “Magento\Framework\App\FrontControllerInterface” with help of di.xml (dependency injection)

<config xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="../../lib/internal/Magento/Framework/ObjectManager/etc/config.xsd">
    <preference for="Psr\Log\LoggerInterface" type="Magento\Framework\Logger\Monolog" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\View\Template\Html\MinifierInterface" type="Magento\Framework\View\Template\Html\Minifier" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\ObjectManager\FactoryInterface" type="Magento\Framework\ObjectManager\Factory\Dynamic\Developer" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\Search\Adapter\Mysql\Filter\PreprocessorInterface" type="Magento\Framework\Search\Adapter\Mysql\Filter\Preprocessor" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\Search\Adapter\Mysql\Field\ResolverInterface" type="Magento\Framework\Search\Adapter\Mysql\Field\Resolver" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\Search\Request\Aggregation\StatusInterface" type="Magento\Framework\Search\Request\Aggregation\Status" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\App\RequestInterface" type="Magento\Framework\App\Request\Http" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\App\Request\PathInfoProcessorInterface" type="Magento\Store\App\Request\PathInfoProcessor" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\App\ResponseInterface" type="Magento\Framework\App\Response\Http" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\App\RouterListInterface" type="Magento\Framework\App\RouterList" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\App\FrontControllerInterface" type="Magento\Framework\App\FrontController" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\App\CacheInterface" type="Magento\Framework\App\Cache\Proxy" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\App\Cache\StateInterface" type="Magento\Framework\App\Cache\State" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\App\Cache\TypeListInterface" type="Magento\Framework\App\Cache\TypeList" />
    <preference for="Magento\Store\Model\StoreManagerInterface" type="Magento\Store\Model\StoreManager" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\View\DesignInterface" type="Magento\Theme\Model\View\Design\Proxy" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\View\Design\ThemeInterface" type="Magento\Theme\Model\Theme" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\View\Design\Theme\ResolverInterface" type="Magento\Theme\Model\Theme\Resolver" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\View\ConfigInterface" type="Magento\Framework\View\Config" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\View\Asset\Bundle\ConfigInterface" type="\Magento\Framework\View\Asset\Bundle\Config" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\Locale\ListsInterface" type="Magento\Framework\Locale\Lists" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\Api\AttributeTypeResolverInterface" type="Magento\Framework\Reflection\AttributeTypeResolver" />
    <type name="Magento\Store\Model\Store">
        <arguments>
            <argument name="currencyInstalled" xsi:type="string">system/currency/installed</argument>
        </arguments>
    </type>
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\Locale\ConfigInterface" type="Magento\Framework\Locale\Config" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\Notification\NotifierInterface" type="Magento\Framework\Notification\NotifierPool" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\UrlInterface" type="Magento\Framework\Url" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\Url\EncoderInterface" type="Magento\Framework\Url\Encoder" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\Url\DecoderInterface" type="Magento\Framework\Url\Decoder" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\Data\Collection\Db\FetchStrategyInterface" type="Magento\Framework\Data\Collection\Db\FetchStrategy\Query" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\Config\ScopeInterface" type="Magento\Framework\Config\Scope" />
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\Config\FileResolverInterface" type="Magento\Framework\App\Config\FileResolver" />

line number 19 : “Magento\Framework\App\FrontController” type is defined for interface “Magento\Framework\App\FrontControllerInterface“

After retrieving front controller it will call factory create function which creates instance of Interceptor class and returns it to Magento\Framework\App\FrontController\Interceptor

Line 115 : dispatch() function
- Dispatch function of interceptor will be called, which in turn calls dispatch function of main front controller i.e. Magento\Framework\App\FrontController, further dispatch function of FrontController will call processRequest() for Routing.

ROUTING

Figure 4 – Match routers

Routing has an algorithm to find a matching controller, determined by request.

ProcessRequest function of frontController

    /**
     * Route request and dispatch it
     *
     * @param RequestInterface $request
     * @return ResponseInterface|\Magento\Framework\Controller\ResultInterface|null
     */    protected function processRequest(RequestInterface $request)
    {
        $result = null;
        /** @var \Magento\Framework\App\RouterInterface $router */        foreach ($this->_routerList as $router) {
            try {
                $actionInstance = $router->match($request);
                if ($actionInstance) {
                    $request->setDispatched(true);
                    $actionInstance->getResponse()->setNoCacheHeaders();
                    try {
                        $result = $actionInstance->dispatch($request);
                    } catch (\Magento\Framework\Exception\NotFoundException $e) {
                        throw $e;
                    } catch (\Exception $e) {
                        $this->handleException($e);
                        $result = $actionInstance->getDefaultResult();
                    }
                    break;
                }
            } catch (\Magento\Framework\Exception\NotFoundException $e) {
                $request->initForward();
                $request->setActionName('noroute');
                $request->setDispatched(false);
                break;
            }
        }
        return $result;
    }

line 106 : is looping routerList and extracting the required one.

Get Active routers list

Get routers list from modules di.xml

Lets take an example of frontend Magento Store module’s di.xml

    <type name="Magento\Framework\App\RouterList" shared="true">
        <arguments>
            <argument name="routerList" xsi:type="array">
                <item name="standard" xsi:type="array">
                    <item name="class" xsi:type="string">Magento\Framework\App\Router\Base</item>
                    <item name="disable" xsi:type="boolean">false</item>
                    <item name="sortOrder" xsi:type="string">20</item>
                </item>
                <item name="default" xsi:type="array">
                    <item name="class" xsi:type="string">Magento\Framework\App\Router\DefaultRouter</item>
                    <item name="disable" xsi:type="boolean">false</item>
                    <item name="sortOrder" xsi:type="string">100</item>
                </item>
            </argument>
        </arguments>
    </type>

Above config is adding two routers (standard and default) in routerList.
It can check Line number 20 and 25. In both, disable parameter is set to false means both are active.
Similarly you can use same method in your custom module for creating your own router.

Line 108: match()
- It is looping through each router and calling match function for every router.
- Match function will search for module’s frontend name, controller and action.
- Lets take router “Magento\Framework\App\Router\Base” so line 108 will call match function of Magento\Framework\App\Router\Base.
- Then match function will further call matchAction of same instance.
- If match is found then it will call create function of factory which will create interceptor class file of found controller and then return instance of it.
Line 113 : is calling dispatch() function of iterceptor class
- Dispatch function of interceptor will call main controller’s dispatch function and finally execute function of controller will be called.

CONTROLLER

Figure 5 – Prepare HTML

LoadLayout
- this function is responsible for adding default handlers as well as handlers defined by current controller.
- after that it loads layout configuration of all handlers added in previous step.
- prepares collection of all blocks associated with handlers.
RenderLayout
- it renders all handler’s layout added previously and generate html output and appends it to a output variable.

HTTP Response

This is the end phase of magento execution where prepared output will be finally sent to requesting agent as HTTP response.

Send Response line 246

    public function run(AppInterface $application)
    {
        try {
            try {
                \Magento\Framework\Profiler::start('magento');
                $this->initErrorHandler();
                $this->initObjectManager();
                $this->assertMaintenance();
                $this->assertInstalled();
                $response = $application->launch();
                $response->sendResponse();
                \Magento\Framework\Profiler::stop('magento');
            } catch (\Exception $e) {
                \Magento\Framework\Profiler::stop('magento');
                if (!$application->catchException($this, $e)) {
                    throw $e;
                }
            }
        } catch (\Exception $e) {
            $this->terminate($e);
        }
    }

sendContent

    /**
     * Send content
     *
     * @return Response
     */    public function sendContent()
    {
        if ($this->contentSent()) {
            return $this;
        }

        echo $this->getContent();
        $this->contentSent = true;
        return $this;
    }

Line 116 : $this->getContent() finally echo/print/output the content prepared by roaming inside magento application .

If any issues / suggestion , comments are most appreciated . Next in the journey will create Products Featured Slider module in magento 2 .

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